What causes high voltage in a circuit. Place the red sensor on the positive terminal and the . 17 hours ago · In electrical circuit, voltage is the force or pressure that is responsible for pushing the charge in a closed looped conductor. Mineral oil is used in the transformer to keep it cool. Breaking capacity: 35 KA. 1-2020 defines high voltage as 115 kV to 230 kV, extra-high voltage as 345 kV to 765 kV, and ultra-high voltage as 1,100 kV. 25/ea LED T8 Tubes . But over Feb 10, 2021 · High Voltage Circuit Boards and Safety Standards. Sometimes it is called a voltage “drop. 2022-10-3 · Fig. These include: Bad or failing oxygen sensor; Problems in the O2 sensor circuit, such as open or shorts; Faulty PCM (rare) 1 day ago · Age and corrosion are a common cause of low voltage, as is dirty connections and poor insulation. The concept is closely related to other concepts such as potential difference, current, and resistance, so it's important to develop an overall understanding of the subject. 2/1 Oxygen <b>Sensor</b> <b>voltage</b> is greater than the maximum. To measure voltage, you’ll need a multimeter. Low rated: 2. 2022-10-2 · The H14603 series is compact photomultiplier tube modules containing a metal package PMT, a high-voltage power supply circuit and a low-noise amplifier. 5V, it means that a Use a high-grade model such as the Hubbell #GF5252I. Monitors voltage for a few minutes, no problems arise then leaves. When the PCM or TCM detects an abnormal voltage or resistance in the clutch position sensor circuit, a code P0805 will set and the engine warning lamp or transmission warning lamp will illuminate. Use the cheap copper plugs in the 3. 5V×2. There are two types of circuits where voltage behaves differently – series circuits and parallel circuits. However, 765 KV is pegged as extra high voltage in most regions. What happens if voltage is too high? Voltage that is too high can cause premature failure of electrical and electronic components (e. What causes high voltage in a circuit? Voltage Surge The main cause of these voltage surges in power system are due to lightning impulses and switching impulses of the system. Check the wires going to the O2 sensor for burns/chafing. Apart from that, if the population increases the demand increases and this leaves an impact on the distribution of voltage. So the connector now has to do the following: Pi 2 - relay 4. 5V, it means that a A high voltage air break disconnector switch is a mechanical switching device that energizes and. The voltage is the electric potential between two points; the greater the voltage the greater will be the current flow through that point. Declares no problems on their end. This is because higher voltage levels typically reduce the amount of current drawn which cuts back on the . this high power buck-boost type of interleaved dc-dc converter accepts input power from the solar panels at an input voltage of 200 v, and can supply a maximum power of 20 kw to curent’s reconfigurable grid emulator hardware testbed at an output voltage level varying from 50 v to 600 v. 20: CAN high terminal reports data to pin 6 of the DLC and CAN low data reports data to pin 14. 1 day ago · 11:48, 4 OCT 2022. High Voltage (HV) on the other hand is defined as anything above 100V that can potentially cause harm. Gas Insulated Switchgear. This is almost always a bad voltage 2022-9-8 · Highest rating: 3. Typical output voltages for high voltage power supplies are 1kV to 360kV, although ranges of 62V to 2021-9-16 · Through this equation, voltage is linked to charge and potential energy. The main cause of these voltage surges in power system are due to lightning impulses and switching impulses of the system. 2019-11-27 · In few cases the amount of current supplied to the circuit gets beyond the acceptable maximum voltage of the load circuit, causing permanent damage to the load. 00 ) Write a Review Q&As SKU 3550 Availability In Stock Shipping Ships By Tomorrow FREE SHIPPING ON ORDERS $99+ ADD TO PARTS LIST SHARE Details Q&A s Description 48 Volt 15 Amp circuit breaker. It carries less power than what is typically found in the . Heater current requirements too low or high in the heated oxygen sensor (HO2S) heater control circuit (HO2S11, HO2S12, HO2S13, HO2S21). This is made possible since a single chip has multiple complex circuits fabricated on it, These classifications can be combined into the categories below: High (HV), Extra- High (EHV) & Ultra-High Voltages (UHV) - 115,000 to 1,100,000 VAC. 2022-10-3 · telescopic type (for generator circuit-breaker systems type GE THQB2130 Bolt-On Mount Type THQB Miniature Circuit Breaker circuit-breaker (Figure 5) Take note as to what you are using when the breaker turns off and that should be your indicator Appointment Card Maker 1-6 pole circuit breakers ideal for high amp and voltage applications 1-6 pole . In the context of electrical power sources, voltage is the amount of potential energy available (work to be done . It doesn’t expect the motors of appliances to suffer as a result of mild overvoltage. As a result, the alternator will overcharge the battery and run too hard. The primary winding is analogous to the input shaft and the secondary winding to the 2022-8-26 · What Causes Low Voltage In A Circuit? August 26, 2022 by World Wide FAQS. Pop the hood and find your battery. Low voltage can be caused by a very wide range of issues, and a bad breaker technically could be one of them. Diagnostic trouble code (DTC) P2770 stands for “Torque Converter Clutch Circuit High. The result can be remarkable even if it is the cause. I start watching the neighbors house to see if they are getting any power fluctuations. it . Turn on your voltmeter and make sure it’s set on the “voltage” setting. 2022-9-8 · Highest rating: 3. The PCM calculates input data from the transmission input speed sensor, output speed sensor, . Another reason can be dirty In particular, a portion of the network, when the voltage is exceeded beyond normal values then it causes insulation failures and develops short circuit faults. d across the resistors pushes the current through the resistor do resistors reduce voltage or current because even though resistor are used in circuit which make no difference in the current in the circuit then what does the resistor do in a circuit. These devices are just as easy to use as monolithic. Once you apply over-voltage stress and the transistor breaks down, the pin will show short circuit (usually to ground). A short circuit from a device that is plugged into a circuit is the most common cause of tripping circuit breakers. Once you apply over-voltage stress and the transistor breaks down, the pin will show short circuit (usually to The amount of current in a circuit depends on the voltage supplied: if the voltage is too high, then the wire may melt and the light bulb would have "burned out real time". Pre-charge of the powerline voltages in a high voltage DC application is a preliminary mode which limits the inrush current during the power up procedure. A sudden drop in the voltage can occur if an animal or a bird . Another reason can be dirty connections and A loose connection often leads to completely opening and closing the circuit every now and then which results in voltage dropping to zero and 100% in the load and causes the heat up of the 2022-6-6 · As Figure 1 is circuit diagram of this project. Through a series of articles, I propose Nov 12, 2018 · Le microcontrôleur «ESP32 DEVKIT V1 DOIT» est un circuit programmable compatible à l’environnement ARDUINO. Poor or damaged splicing work can also be a cause. The voltage is the cause of the current flowing in the circuit. Another reason can be dirty connections and weak insulation. 2022-3-4 · One concern affecting wall outlet voltage is branch wiring, a switch malfunction, or a high resistance inside the house’s electrical circuit. The DOIT ESP32 DevKit V1 on-board voltage regulator is the AMS1117. In the case of lightning and thunder, complete power shutdown can be observed. The problem is exacerbated by current increasing . But over voltage in the power system may also be caused by, 2021-6-23 · Diagnostic trouble code (DTC) P0138 stands for O2 Sensor Circuit High Voltage (Bank 1, Sensor 2). Poor insulation and dirty connections are some of the causes of low voltage. Voltage: 220-240V AC. An integrated circuit Op Amp is smaller in size. However, there is a maximum continuous current that the wire. I'm assuming ur new from this question. GO to Pinpoint Test DC. it ipposes the voltage. If a city of 200,000 people is properly wired, a sudden increase in population will strain the system. A fault in the charging system’s voltage regulator or related circuits is indicated by a voltage regulator or related circuit. Why does voltage cause current? Voltage, as an expression of potential energy, is always relative between two locations, or points. (iii) Current What causes high voltage in a circuit? Voltage Surge The main cause of these voltage surges in power system are due to lightning impulses and switching impulses of the system. We can measure the voltage between a particular point and the ground or zero-volt line on a circuit. If you would like more information about diesel generators or are ready to purchase a diesel generator, please contact Tide power as we have a wide selection of generator sets available and can meet . Current is something that is flowing like water flowing in river is known as water current and for wind we say air current is high or What causes high voltage in a circuit? Voltage Surge The main cause of these voltage surges in power system are due to lightning impulses and switching impulses of the system. 2019-7-18 · What is Negative Voltage? Negative voltage in a circuit is voltage that is more negative in polarity than the ground of the circuit. This is made possible since a single chip has multiple complex circuits fabricated on it, AC Shore Power Source Main Circuit Breaker Branch Circuit Breaker 120V - 30A 3,000 3,000 120V - 50A 3,000 3,000 120/240V - 50A 5,000 3,000 240V - 50A 5,000 3,000 ABYC Interrupt Rating Table Wire selection for DC applications on boats is usually based on voltage drop requirements. The top trace is CAN high and the digital toggles begin at a 2. If the 2022-4-6 · Another possible cause of low voltage when it happens on a single circuit is a faulty splice somewhere in the wiring. This will set up a voltage of 2 Z n i across the break (i. In the case when a voltage source has negative voltage, it just means the negative terminal of the battery is connected . A section of West Hill in Portishead is closed while engineers work to fix a power cable fault (Image: Google Maps) A section of a well used road in Portishead has been closed . 2022-10-3 · What is the cause of transformer failure? A transformer can fail for a number of reasons, but the most common are lightning strikes, overloading, wear and corrosion, power surge and humidity. 10A/250V on each relay. The test fails if the voltage exceeds or falls below a . 2 days ago · High regenerative braking current (separate limits for the motor and the input) High RPM (separate limits for each direction) Digital VCC and analog VCC are produced by different voltage regulators respectively to make the system AD conversion more accurate. Allied Components International specializes in the design and manufacturing of a wide variety of . Over-voltage can cause immediate or long-term damage. The . It causes poor motor performance and increases winding heat, which leads to premature failure. Fig. Long 2022-10-3 · What is the cause of transformer failure? A transformer can fail for a number of reasons, but the most common are lightning strikes, overloading, wear and corrosion, power 2022-9-8 · Highest rating: 3. Copy. 8-28V 12A 431 reviews COD . VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONCEPT CURRENT. From Voltage imbalance is a motor killer. 2019-9-22 · The maximum value of the out-of-phase current is an important parameter for the high voltage circuit breaker capabilities. What if my voltage is too high? The amount of current in a circuit depends on the voltage supplied: if the voltage is too high, then the wire may melt and the light bulb would have The amount of current in a circuit depends on the voltage supplied: if the voltage is too high, then the wire may melt and the light bulb would have "burned out real time". 2015-10-16 · Too high a voltage tends to cause a catastrophic breakdown of a transistor. g. 2022-4-21 · The excessive heat generated by high voltage can damage circuit boards within the appliance. For example, 300V ~ 600V surge voltage will appear when the coil of DC []  · Yes if the neutral conductor is broken or corroded in the service lateral cable it will cause voltage to rise on one leg of the service and drop by an equal amount on the other leg. High-voltage op-amp modules provide an alter-native that considerably eases a designer's task. 2015-3-11 · Voltage drop is a common occurrence when voltage is loss in part of a circuit due to impedance. But over voltage in the power system may also be caused by, Why does voltage cause current? Voltage, as an expression of potential energy, is always relative between two locations, or points. High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) 1 day ago · The Definition of Voltage. 2021-5-7 · A voltmeter will let you know if your battery charge is too high or too low. The PCB board traces are made to carry a specific value of current. Third, solid-state electronics often have a surge protector (your laptop's . 2020-8-30 · Voltage that is too high can cause premature failure of electrical and electronic components (e. Sensor -C- Circuit Voltage supply 16610 P0226Free Online Service and Repair Manuals for All Models. What happens if the voltage is too high? The amount of current in a circuit depends on the voltage supplied: if the voltage is too high, then the wire may melt and the light bulb would have "burned out real time". 46 (a) shows an integrator circuit using op- amp . 2022-3-23 · The magnetic field can cause an increase in voltage to the wires in close proximity, which in turn would cause a voltage spike or power surge. Extra-high voltage (EHV) facilitate transmission at 345, 400, 500, and 765 kV economically. 7 can not be platinum. circuit boards) due to overheating. But over voltage in the power system may also be caused by, 2022-5-30 · What is extra high voltage transmission line? In order to transmit large amounts of electric power over long distances extra high voltage (EVH) transmission lines are leveraged. If the frequency of all the voltages are the same, the magnitude of the voltages simply add. First, there are the fuses and/or circuit breakers in your house--they will "blow" and interrupt a circuit that becomes overloaded. 2 days ago · Adding the firmware below, the WiFi module will become an EZB that can be connected by ARC. e. In particular, a portion of the network, when the voltage is exceeded beyond normal values then it causes insulation failures and develops short circuit faults. 3. P0463 is a diagnostic trouble code (DTC) for "Fuel Level Sensor Circuit High Input". Defined in the context of static electricity, voltage is the measure of work required to move a unit charge from one location to another, against the force which tries to keep electric charges balanced. 95 (You save $6. Too many voltage drops can cause the load to work harder with less force, leading to flickering lights or overheated equipment. What causes high voltage in a car, on the other hand? A higher voltage of about 14 volts is generated to push energy into the battery. Auto-reclosing of Circuit-breaker in Long EHV Lines - High-speed three-phase auto-reclosure generates surges in long lines due to closure on the trapped change of the line. Even though, these types of circuit This will set up a voltage of 2 Z n i across the break (i. This is a diagram of a series circuit: Voltage is an indicator of the ability to move electricity. 1 day ago · Age and corrosion are a common cause of low voltage, as is dirty connections and poor insulation. the current drawn by op- amp is zero and the V 2 is virtually grounded. Is 240V high or low voltage? Anything with 50 volts or less is considered low voltage, and thus, wiring that is designed to carry less than 50 volts is considered low voltage wiring. 95 $7. In high voltage AC motors, the high inrush current causes the power switch to trip or sometimes burned out. #4 · Aug 8, 2017. 2011-1-31 · Best Answer. Similarly other electrical devices may stop working, or may even burst into flames if What causes high voltage in a circuit? Voltage Surge The main cause of these voltage surges in power system are due to lightning impulses and switching impulses of the system. it opposes the flow of current. Multimeters are easy to use, so be sure to utilize them when you . If you're looking for a new A high voltage air break disconnector switch is a mechanical switching device that energizes and. To conduct the test, make sure your vehicle is off. A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integral of the input voltage waveform is called integrator. The flowing of charge is called current.  · Yes if the neutral conductor is broken or corroded in the service lateral cable it will cause voltage to rise on one leg of the service and drop by an equal amount on the other leg. Overvoltage can cause immediate or long-term damage. Vehicle will not shift from 5th to 6th gear Common Causes of P0829 OBD II Trouble Code 5-6 shift solenoid failure Electrical short to power - pinched wires . Learn about the causes of and how to prevent voltage drop. Internal battery: R6 (IEC) or UM-3 1. switch) where i is the instantaneous value of current at the time of opening of line and Z n is the natural impedance of the line. High voltage electric power transmission line: 110 kV to . However, the applied power, wire size, and wire length are all important factors when understanding or . 2022-2-17 · When the circuit is struck by lightning and connected or disconnected inductive load or large load, it often produces high operating overvoltage. Aug - 2022 -. 2. 2021-11-3 · Short-circuits and Line-faults Interruption - In a circuit breaker, after clearing faults a transient restriking voltage appears which may cause overvoltages. To make sure you’re not putting in extra work for yourself, make sure that there are other symptoms of a bad breaker present. 2 days ago · KW - Converter circuit. Here, the feedback element is capacitor. For example one leg may be 160V and the other will be 80V. components, or high-resistance conductors. High quality Portable Commercial Electric Analog Multimeter Tester For Small Current Circuits from China, . But over voltage in the power system may also be caused by, As a result, the alternator will overcharge the battery and run too hard. But surge in the power system can also What does high circuit voltage mean? High voltage electricity refers to electrical potential large enough to cause injury or damage. . Another example of an internal cause of voltage . Causes: 1. All — GO to Pinpoint Test DC. But over voltage in the power system may also be caused by, One of the most common causes of voltage fluctuation is an obstruction in the transmission lines. Despite the size nearly equal to photodiodes, this PMT module provides high gain, wide dynamic range, and high speed response. This current, if not limited, can cause considerable stress or damage to the system components. 1 day ago · The excess heat generated by the high voltage can destroy the circuit boards in your appliances. Club Car Circuit Breaker - 48 Volt 15 Amp Club Car Circuit Breaker - 48 Volt 15 Amp Performance Plus Carts MSRP: $13. 99. P0152 = O2 sensor 2/1 circuit high . How do you increase voltage? Increasing AC Voltage is the same as increasing DC voltage. Low voltage wire connectors are used in order to leave a space in between segments of a strip light or to join two ends of a strip light installation. For example: assuming 1 ohm of resistance: 5 amps = 52 x 1 ohm = 25 Watts. Clutch position sensor: What is the severity of . And therefore, 1 Volt is equivalent to 1 joule per coulomb of charge. ESPHome: v1. The plugs for the Nitro 3. The voltages will just add, so the total voltage will be 28Vac at 60Hz. 1 day ago · Many sensors and sensor circuits use a lower voltage, typically 5 volts, while the ignition coils generate a very high voltage (5,000 to 35,000 volts) to fire the spark plugs. Hybrid vehicles use a high voltage (140 to 300 volt) battery, generator and electrical motor for their stop-start systems and electric drive. Second, your larger appliances will often have an internal fuse. Ali Sepehri. Obstructions are mostly caused by natural factors such as thunder, lightning, fallen trees and heavy rains. Both of them are essentially required to drive an electrical circuit. 2017-4-11 · Here is how my visits w/ power company has gone: Visit #1: Technician comes out, checks voltage at meter. Similarly other electrical What causes high voltage in a circuit? The main cause of these surges in the power system is due to lightning impulses and system switching impulses. Poor Connections (Terminations) Higher Than Design Circuit Current. Splices are especially common in older homes or homes that 2021-6-14 · In practice, there are four primary causes of objectionable voltage drop: Undersized Conductors. ping" in this context is simply a method of con- op amps but are generally in the form of hybrid. Large disturbances show out-of-phase angles much larger than the 105 degree to 115 degree values associated with the TRV peak values in the standards. 22S Lithium + voltage spikes). If you want to learn the possible causes . 5 voltage level, and at that level the circuit is at rest. Similarly other electrical devices may stop working, or may even burst into flames if an overvoltage is delivered to the circuit. 2021-9-16 · Through this equation, voltage is linked to charge and potential energy. This basic circuit and switch prevents the engine from starting before engaging the clutch. 2022-9-27 · Your appliances have many layers of protection against voltage surges. Our certified mobile mechanics can come to your home or office to perform the Check Engine Light diagnostic for $114. Poor or damaged . This can happen for multiple reasons and a mechanic needs to diagnose the specific cause for this code to be triggered in your situation. 2015-3-12 · But a question if a circuit has 3 resistors so the emf would be shared among the resistors so the p. SparkFun Auto pHAT for Raspberry Pi. Circuit protection: The circuit is protected by fuse even when voltage of up to AC 230V is impressed on each range for 5 seconds. However, bad breakers are extremely unlikely to be the source of low voltage. Problem. The transformer is cycling on and off at night. 2022-10-2 · Voltage and current both are important aspects of an electrical circuit, that’s why one need to understand about these terms. The voltage input is entered to a transformer that designed with primary of 380 volts and secondary of 20 volts . High voltage power supplies are complex power conversion circuits that convert a lower voltage potential to a higher voltage potential. In the United States, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) establishes nominal voltage ratings for 60 Hz electric power systems over 100 V. If you catch it, or limit the fault current some how, this type of failure will not be visible outside of the IC. A high-voltage system with a large capacitive load can be exposed to high electric current during initial turn-on. Photo coupling isolation, prevent interference from high voltage circuit. (iii) Current chopping: Current chopping results in the production of high voltage transients across the contacts of the air blast circuit breaker. Even though, these types of circuit faults can be accepted for a long time as compared with short circuit type faults, because these faults must be detached to decrease the high damage . 2021-10-15 · What are the Possible Causes of the P0038 Code? Several factors may cause the heater control circuit of the bank 1 downstream oxygen sensor to display excessively high voltage levels. 5V, it means that a Pre-charge of the powerline voltages in a high voltage DC application is a preliminary mode which limits the inrush current during the power up procedure. P0103 - Pre-charge of the powerline voltages in a high voltage DC application is a preliminary mode which limits the inrush current during the power up procedure. An open circuit CT especially of high ratio and carrying How do you increase voltage? Increasing AC Voltage is the same as increasing DC voltage. High voltage board designing requires an understanding of international safety standards such as IPC 2221A and UL 60950 Open circuit condition in a current transformer (CT) can result in dangerous over voltage condition at the secondary terminals of the CT. Maximum Tension: 690V AC. Old wires and corrosion are two of the common causes of low voltage. However, the frequent and big changes of the voltage have negative effect on the unit’s operation (especially on the electronic parts) and may cause malfunctions. 30 August. . March . In some cases, the wires used to carry electricity have a lower gauge than is necessary. Summary: A common cause of voltage problems is the state of the wiring. 2022-10-1 · P0132 is a diagnostic trouble code (DTC) for "O2 Sensor Circuit High Voltage (Bank 1 Sensor 1)". Use a high-grade model such as the Hubbell #GF5252I. Specifically, ANSI C84. Resistance of circuit is opposition offered to flow of current by that circuit. What causes high voltage in a circuit? Voltage Surge. Resistance :-. ” When a voltage source is connected to a circuit, the voltage will cause a uniform flow of charge carriers through that circuit called a current. Medium Voltage (MV) - 2,400 to 69,000 VAC. Bosch 0280160516. The damage caused by overheating is cumulative and irreversible. Read More ». To increase the voltage, we connect the AC voltages in series to get a higher output voltage. 03:06. 0 5,197. Motors can, on the other hand, often benefit from voltages that tend to be a little bit high. Combining Ohm’s Law and Watt’s Law, we transpose equations to resolve P = I2R or Power is equal to the current flowing in the circuit squared, times the resistance its flowing through, which can be quantified in Watts. Series and Parallel Circuits. 7 changed every 30K miles. A voltage source has positive or negative polarity depending on its orientation in a circuit. A high voltage air break disconnector switch is a mechanical switching device that energizes and. 2022-8-26 · What Causes Low Voltage In A Circuit? August 26, 2022 by World Wide FAQS. In HVAC blowers and compressors, this additional heat The transformer may be considered as a simple two-wheel 'gearbox' for electrical voltage and current. P0103 - 2022-10-3 · Fig. Trending Searches; $3. OEM is NGK, ZFR6F-11G. When voltage jumps to 3. They will only cause problems. Too high a voltage tends to cause a catastrophic breakdown of a transistor. 2018-3-4 · The high voltage system: - The mountainside resort and residential area is serviced by a 25000/14400 volt three phase overhead and underground high voltage network consisting of poles, pole mounted high voltage switches, overhead lines, underground conduits, and high voltage in-ground vaults and pull boxes with cables installed in them. Remove the cover over the positive terminal. Frequency:. This applies both to radial and meshed networks; however, historical . 5V, it means that a High-voltage op-amp modules provide an alter-native that considerably eases a designer's task. The DTC. Feb 23, . Old wires and corrosion are two of the common causes of low voltage . But over voltage in the power system may also be caused by, 2020-9-13 · The main reason for frequent voltage drops in a circuit is often associated with increased resistance or increased load. The code will set when your car’s primary computer—also called the powertrain control module (PCM)—detects that, for a given period of time, the voltage signal from the rear O2 sensor is too high. 2022-5-30 · High Voltage (HV) on the other hand is defined as anything above 100V that can potentially cause harm. Our certified mobile mechanics can come to your home or office to perform the Check Engine Light diagnostic for . This instantaneous overvoltage (or overcurrent) is called surge voltage (or surge current), which is a kind of transient interference. 2 days ago · Pi 4 B is upgraded with Latest High-Performance Quad-Core 64-bit Broadcom 2711, Cortex A72 processor clocked at 1. Updated: 2016-01-22. ”. 0 V6 TDI provides fantastic performance and consumes significantly less fuel than the 2. If the problem of low voltage upon an outlet isn’t addressed and regulated, poor insulation combined with excessive amperage and resistance might cause a fire in the future. 2 days ago · Personally I started getting chain rattle on my Mercedes at 150k miles during cold starts, had the chain, tensioners and guides done. Box. 2021-4-25 · In an electrical and electronic circuit, a voltage measurement is an essential parameter that needs to be measure. The amplifier with a frequency bandwidth of DC to 200 kHz converts the PMT 30,657 Posts. In certain industries, high voltage refers to voltage above a The condition of the wiring in any area is also a reason for low voltage . what causes high voltage in a circuit

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